ZKsync price

Why is everyone talking about @LineaBuild's airdrop? I have 200 accounts and only a few left. This project is a beast; I sold the tokens as soon as they were issued. L2 tokens are not to be touched. If you don't believe me, just look at #ARB, #STRK, #ZK, #OP is still relatively good.

Author: momo, ChainCatcher   Recently, Zama, an open-source cryptography project focusing on fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), has finally launched a testnet. In just over a year, Zama has raised $130 million through two large rounds of funding, valuing it at $1 billion. In June 2025, Zama closed a $57 million Series B funding round led by Pantera Capital and Blockchange. In March 2024, Zama completed a round of funding led by Multicoin Capital and Protocol Labs, Blockchange, Stake Capital, Metaplanet, Gavin Wood, founder of Ethereum Co-creation & Polkadot, Anatoly Yakovenko, and Filecoin Co-founder Juan $73 million Series A financing from well-known institutional or individual investors such as Benet. What is Zama's open-source fully homomorphic encryption technology? Why do you attract large amounts of money to bet on? What's the recent development? This article has made a brief combing. What is fully homomorphic encryption? How is it different from ZK? In addition to ZK, another key privacy technology named by Vitalik is fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) allows arbitrarily complex computations to be performed directly on encrypted data without first decrypting the data. The result of the computation is still encrypted, and only the user with the key can decrypt it to get the final result. The core advantage of FHE is the privacy of data and computation, even the nodes that perform the computation, such as cloud servers or blockchain nodes, cannot access the plaintext data. It seems to be very similar to ZK, but both are very different. FHE emphasizes privacy-preserving computing, and ZK emphasizes privacy-based verification. In other words, FHE allows us to perform arbitrary calculations while the data is fully encrypted, while ZK allows us to verify that a claim is true without knowing the process or the original data. The two are more of a complementary relationship, with FHE providing on-chain cryptographic computation and ZK ensuring verification privacy. Zama's technical progress and roadmap Although FHE is an innovative technology to ensure privacy, it has been difficult to use in the past due to its slow speed, limited application, and difficulty for developers to use. Zama has been working to solve these technical problems. Zama's official whitepaper says that Zama has developed highly efficient FHE technology that is 100 times faster than five years ago, and will soon support 100+ transactions per second with GPU acceleration, or thousands of transactions per second with dedicated hardware such as FPGAs and ASICs. In terms of developer friendliness, it supports any type of application as well as common programming languages like Solidity and Python. In addition, Zama's FHE technology is post-quantum-safe, meaning that there are no known quantum algorithms to crack. In addition to PHE, the Zama protocol also combines multi-party computation (MPC) and zero-knowledge proofs (ZK) to make up for the shortcomings of encryption schemes. Recently, Zama announced the launch of a public testnet. Zama。 It was also revealed that the mainnet is expected to be launched on Ethereum in the fourth quarter of this year, bringing confidentiality features to Ethereum. Initially, only Zama-approved apps will be supported. In addition, Zama plans to conduct TGE by the end of the year and expand to more EVM-compatible chains. In 2026, Zama aims to deploy on Solana to support Solana Virtual Machine (SVM) applications. Zama focuses on the direction of the application What are the future use cases for Zama? Zama mentioned three typical scenarios: crypto payments, RWA, and DeFi. Crypto payment: Zama Protocol implements end-to-end encryption of stablecoin payments through FHE to protect the privacy of account balances and transfer amounts, and at the same time embeds compliance functions (such as KYC/AML) in smart contracts to support credit card payments, payroll, cross-border remittances and other scenarios to meet the confidentiality and compliance requirements of on-chain financial transactions. RWA: Zama enables traditional financial institutions to tokenize assets (e.g., fund shares, stocks, bonds) on public blockchains (e.g., Ethereum, Solana), maintaining confidentiality of trading activity and investor identities. KYC/AML checks are performed directly through smart contracts, eliminating the need for a private blockchain, enabling inter-agency interoperability. DeFi: The Zama protocol supports end-to-end encrypted DeFi transactions by encrypting transaction amounts and asset types, solving the problem of users' reluctance to disclose assets and bot front-running transactions. Other applications include confidential lending, on-chain credit scoring, option pricing, and more to enhance DeFi privacy and user experience Zama's team background Zama's ability to secure large sums of money from multiple well-known investment institutions and individual investors may be inseparable from his team's senior background in the field of cryptography. Zama was founded in 2020 by Dr. Rand Hindi (CEO) and Dr. Pascal Paillier (CTO), and nearly half of the team has PhDs in cryptography, machine learning, or blockchain. Rand Hindi, co-founder and CEO of Zama, is an expert in artificial intelligence and privacy protection technology with a Ph.D. in bioinformatics with a focus on data privacy and AI applications. He started programming at the age of 10 and created a social network at the age of 14. He founded Snips, an AI voice platform (later acquired by Sonos), where he was exposed to fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) as a core technology direction for Zama. Hindi is also a partner at Unit Ventures, where he has invested in several cryptography, AI, and biotech companies. Pascal Paillier, co-founder and CTO of Zama, has more than 25 years of experience in the IT security industry, focusing on the design and development of secure cryptographic primitives (e.g., fully homomorphic encryption, anonymous credentials, etc.) as well as cryptographic software for embedded architectures (e.g., smart cards). Pascal Paillier has published dozens of research papers in the field and holds around 25 patents, many of which are currently applied to smart card technology. Pascal Paillier is also a member of the International Association for the Study of Cryptography (IACR) and has worked on ISO SC 27 WG 2 (Cryptography Standard), which won the 2005 Asiacrypt Best Paper Award. Pascal Paillier is also a serial entrepreneur, having founded Zama before founding CryptoExperts, an applied cryptography consulting firm. (Recommended reading: "Interview with Zama CEO: How to Build a Market Value of $400 Million in Four Years" FHE "Wave Maker"? 》

What a week in Cannes! ZK is hot again, and we’re here to build.

Is a one chain one standard the norm in the future? Binance chose EVM-Layer1, Coinbase chose optimism-rollup, Deutsche Bank chose zk-rollup. But all these chains are EVM compatible, you know what I mean...🤓

# Verifiable Computing - RiscZero CEO Podcast Interview The rapid development of AI enhances productivity but also lowers the cost of counterfeiting/fraud. More RWA is being brought on-chain, but are these on-chain assets programmatically verified and audited? Without verification guarantees, these RWA assets face significant risks. I remember a wave of zk audits for CEX assets around 2023-2024, but as more RWA goes on-chain in the future, asset verification and tracking audits will be even more necessary. In the future, the verifiability and program transparency of the internet will become key features. The combination of blockchain with AI/RWA has enormous potential, and verifiable computing is one of the core infrastructures here. In verifiable computing, zk projects @RiscZero and @boundless_xyz achieve verifiable computing through RISC-V and ZK VM. Since 2003, RiscZero has been evolving from zkvm to specific zk L1. Below, I share a previous podcast interview with their founder @zeroknowledgefm to gain a deeper understanding of the team's and project's technical choices, business ideas, etc. This interview was conducted before @boundless_xyz was released, but previous discussions have already revealed the L1 plans. If your English listening skills are good? Listen to the original version directly: Interview Summary: Risc0's core technology ZK VM and RISC-V: Risc0 has built a ZK VM that runs RISC-V code, supporting programs compiled in languages like C, C++, and Rust, similar to a virtual microcontroller, with zero-knowledge properties (hiding inputs and programs). Choosing RISC-V: Due to its open-source nature, lack of intellectual property restrictions, simplicity, and efficiency, along with compliance testing and formal model support, it is suitable for implementation in ZK circuits. Privacy and Scalability: Supports zero-knowledge proofs for program execution and the program itself, initially focusing on scalability to support a complex application ecosystem, with privacy (like ZK identity) as a future direction. Memory and Non-Determinism: Memory is represented by 32-bit numbers, encoding the initial state through a Merkle structure; supports non-deterministic data requests, where the guest (ZK VM) requests data from the host and verifies it, maintaining privacy. Technical Implementation and Accelerating STARKs Applications: Using STARKs to prove repetitive structures (like processor time steps), suitable for the VM's temporal execution model. Recursive Support: In development, supports running Rust verifiers within the ZK VM, verifying proofs, and achieving incremental proofs (like from the genesis block to N+1 block). Hardware Acceleration: Currently achieving 30,000 cycles/second on M1 Pro, with GPU acceleration (Metal/CUDA) expected to reach 1,000,000 cycles/second, and around 10,000,000 cycles/second on a 3090 GPU. Supports accelerator circuits like SHA-256, with future plans to add finite field and large integer modular multiplication accelerators. Parallelization: The proof process can be parallelized, suitable for GPU acceleration, reducing latency, and supporting large-scale computations (like compiler runs). Vision and Application Cloud 2.0: The goal is to build a decentralized public cloud that supports DeFi, gaming, NFTs, and complex applications (like SQL databases, social media), achieving "transaction costs low enough to be negligible." L1 Blockchain: Developing L1, using ZK to optimize the consensus mechanism ("transaction proof"), determining the longest chain based on computational load rather than transaction count, supporting billions of transactions per second. Use Cases: Including supply chain security (proving binaries come from audited source code), physical asset tracking, etc. Ecosystem and Future Ecosystem Connections: Plans to integrate with other blockchains (like Ethereum) through bridges or validators, supporting the verification of Risc0 proofs or running EVM on Ethereum. Roadmap: The current version is open-source, with the next version (including recursion and GPU acceleration) about to be open-sourced. Plans to launch DevNet by the end of 2022 or early 2023, with testing sign-ups announced via Twitter and other platforms. As Risc0 exists as L1, will it connect with other networks or network clusters? Like @VitalikButerin's eth, @gavinwood's @Polkadot, or Cosmos? Brian indicated that it will almost certainly connect. He views Risc0 technology as a broadly applicable tool. While having its own L1 vision, it also hopes this technology will serve other ecosystems. Challenges and Thoughts on Programming Usability: Lowering the developer threshold through existing languages and toolchains, without the need to learn new languages or arithmetic circuits. Prospects for Hardware Acceleration: In the short term, GPUs dominate due to immature mathematics and long ASIC development cycles; FPGAs and ASICs may be applied in specific SNARK circuits. Competition and Positioning: Unlike other ZK VM/EVM projects, Risc0 emphasizes generality and cloud-level scalability, balancing the Ethereum ecosystem and other networks. Risc0 utilizes RISC-V and STARKs to build a ZK VM, addressing scalability issues in distributed systems, aiming for a decentralized public cloud that supports large-scale, privacy-preserving computations. The current open-source version is available, with GPU acceleration and recursive support coming soon, planning to build L1 and integrate with other ecosystems, suitable for scenarios like DeFi and supply chain security. Complete interview content: long text image.