A very meaningful perspective, this seems to be a positive interpretation of Ethereum layer 2 that hasn't been seen for a long time: the true value of layer 2s is as an "experimental innovation sandbox". For example, @arbitrum can explore DAO governance, @Optimism can implement the RetroPGF funding mechanism, @base can attempt CEX integration, and @zksync can advance account abstraction, among other innovations. If these were implemented directly on the mainnet, the risks would be too high, but on layer 2, even if they fail, it won't jeopardize the entire ecosystem. Interestingly, it seems that different layer 2s can serve completely different user groups, such as enterprise chains focused on compliance, privacy chains that advocate for censorship resistance, and gaming chains that can achieve high-frequency trading, etc. Looking back, there are indeed quite a few layer 2 + layer 3 solutions built on various stacks, although none of them have become the expected saviors to attract traffic and funding to Ethereum, they have made significant contributions to the "diversity" of experimental scalability solutions. Of course, one could argue that they ultimately all aim to issue tokens, but there is an underlying logic: they at least to some extent continue and inherit Ethereum's decentralized security features. Otherwise, with the current star product @HyperliquidX and some major Wall Street giants aiming to create independent exclusive layer 1 chains, while they can achieve a smooth upgrade in experience, they essentially sacrifice decentralization for extreme performance. Moreover, these independent chains are also likely to issue tokens, and what they do may not be fundamentally different from layer 2, or even worse, but this step is a complete denial of the experimental nature of layer 2. Therefore, there is actually a clear path ahead for layer 2: abandon the broad and comprehensive approach of General-Purpose chains, and explore Specific-Chains tailored to new Mass Adoption needs, such as how to introduce well-known gaming IPs, how to meet privacy trading and compliance, how to serve the high-frequency interaction needs of AI agents, and how to provide compliant on-ramps for RWA assets, etc. In other words, as long as layer 2s abandon the pure technical architecture's internal competition and the obsession with comprehensive general-purpose chains, and focus on integrating with TradFi's business, the situation for layer 2 may not be as pessimistic as everyone thinks.